The architect is the creator of an artistic building whose mission is to design plans and possibly direct the completion of works architecture .
In general, to practice architecture, the architect must have graduated from an educational institution of architecture , be duly registered with the professional in the country where the project is located ( List of orders of architects ) and in addition be covered by professional insurance.
The guidelines of the project architect, called the ” prime contractor “are defined by a contract architect who previously endorsed with the ” client “, this agreement defines the scope of its mission. These projects can range from the design of institutional building, industrial, with structures different calendar, such as bridges , and monuments as well as the development of urban planning , the planning and development of natural space. And in some cases, of works of art .

Origin of the word
Main article: History of the building .
The first known mention of the word architect – αρχιτεκτων – appears at the v th century BC. AD in the book of Herodotus , Histories (3, 60) describing the tunnel of Samos , “the architect in charge of this work was the Megarian Eupalinos , son of Naustrophos ” 1 .
The word is composed of αρχι – ‘ arch ‘ , head of – and τεκτων – ‘ tekton ‘ , carpenter.
Herodotus uses the word to the builder of pontoon bridge for crossing the Hellespont in -513 (Histories 4.88): ” Darius I first was very pleased with the bridge of boats and richly rewarded his architect, Mandroclès of Samos. ”
For Herodotus, the word given to architect Eupalinos is one of the “authors of the three greatest works owned by the Greek” or Mandroclès of Samos was not for him the sense that it has taken today is over a construction technician or engineer.
It is possible that this word was used because the first temples were built of wood. It is in the vii th century BC payday loan that made ​​the transition from wooden building of temples to the masonry construction 2 . When Pausanias visited the Heraion of Olympia in the ii th century, there still see some wooden columns.
The word tekton appears in Homer and in Sophocles when he refers to a sculptor.
All the early architects of the Greek Archaic period have left their name in history by the technical prowess of their constructions. The role of the architect in a Greek shipyard was that of a technical advisor to the persons authorized by the city or sanctuaries responsible for monitoring the implementation of the buildings to specification and to ensure payment for work after receipt by the architect. It is from the iv th century BC. BC they are self-employed with contracts to build buildings defining presented and voted on by the Assemblies of cities. There are also architects officials working for administration of the city or sanctuary 3 .
It is possible that since the archaic times, the word “Architecton” means the person who controls the workers.
We find this definition in ” The Policy “of Plato which is found in 259 e :
The stranger: It is, moreover, that whoever is master builder (αρχιτεκτων) is not personally act as mason (ergaticos, εργατικός), but is the master who commands these workers (ergaton archon: εργατών άρχων) “.
The young Socrates: Yes
The stranger: And I think as he brings to the work the contribution of theoretical knowledge, but not locksmiths that of manual operations .
…
The stranger … it is fitting indeed to it, once he spoke, not to safety defensive driving believe in the end, no more left to stand , …, but rather to prescribe to each of masons precisely the task that suits him, until they have completed to make the work he vps hosting was required to run 4 .
In the Metaphysics , Aristotle contrasted architectonics in manual worker (cheirotechnès, χειροτέχνης).
We also see Aristotle described as the architect of the city of Miletus and Piraeus, Hippodamos of météorologos , insofar as it tries to recreate a city ​​reflected in its plan the celestial harmony. Hippodamos is also a political thinker whose book II 1267b22-30 of The Policy is spa covers a description of Aristotle’s vision of the ideal city to the v th century BC. AD 5 .
Gradually a differentiation will appear in the Greco-Roman mode between architektôn and méchanikos , the architect and engineer.
This architectural feature is not unique to the Greek city. The oldest name architect who has remained in history is that of Imhotep , the architect of the funerary complex of Saqqara and the adviser of Pharaoh Djoser , around -2630 to -2611 , of the Third Dynasty of Egypt .
In Babylon no name architect is reached. The function of Mason and there appears in the Code of Hammurabi 6 § 228-230 written by Hammurabi , sixth king of the first dynasty Amorite and dating from about -1750 .
Vitruvius, De architectura
Architectonics Greek will go directly to the Latin in the iv th century BC. AD where it is found in the texts of Plautus in iii e century Plastic Containers BC. AD literally and figuratively. Architectonics architector will become in the late period, a word which will give architectura by the same variation as sculptor, sculpture or pictor-picture.
architectus The form also appears in Plautus. Both forms ” architector “and” architectus “are used in the sense of” one who lays the foundation “literally as figuratively.
The shape architectus will give an etymological explanation of the word wrong by bringing tectus of Tego, tect , Texier, Tectus conjugations of the verb “cover” and giving the sense of person who makes pay day loans the cover of a building.
This is an architect and engineer of Augustus , Vitruvius , which will give the first book of architecture, De architectura . This is not the first book of architecture that was written (it is known by some Greek architects Vitruvius wrote books on architecture), but the only one to have survived. We can add one Frontin then curator of water written on the aqueducts of Rome: De Aquis Urbis Romo .
In the electronic cigarette introduction to Chapter I of Book I, Vitruvius defines what for him the architecture:
” Architecture is a science that must be accompanied by a variety of studies and knowledge by means of which it considers all the works of other arts which belong to it. This knowledge is acquired through practice and the theory: the practice is in a continual application to carry out the designs that we had proposed, following which the appropriate form is given to the matter in all kinds of books are. The theory explains and demonstrates the suitability proportions that must have the things we want to make: this is the architects who tried to reach the perfection of their art by the mere exercise of the hand, there is not much advanced, however great that was their work, nor those who believe that the only knowledge of letters and the only reasoning have led them, for they have never seen a shadow: but those who have joined the practice to theory were the only ones who have succeeded in their business, as being equipped with everything necessary to overcome ” 7 .
Vitruvius wanted to write a complete treatise on architecture seen in the wide field given by the Greek architects. In addition to the architecture taken in its electric cigarette traditional area, he added dealing with urban water, astronomy and gnonomique and siege engines. It is worth remembering that he was a technician attached to Caesar and was charged by Octave to ensure the maintenance of the artillery, it was probably taken as an expert in the Water Department in Rome according Frontin and he built the basilica of Fanum Fortunæ ( Fano ) which he describes the book V.
Understanding the “De Architectura” is not always easy because there are few drawings for explaining the text. Vitruvius has chosen to go to web hosting a cultured, not the architects of which the corporation was not seen in Rome.
Perhaps this explains the choice of Vitruvius and when he refers to the Greek architecture of iv E and iii th centuries BC. AD is for him the culmination of the architecture and processes in a manner derogatory use of the brick and the opus caementicium (mortar) that have yet been widely used by Roman architects 8 . To write his book, Vitruvius used the writings of Greek architects that have been lost as Hermogenes , Hermodoros, Pytheos of Priene , … or philosophers like Aristoxenus of Tarentum of musical harmony.
The Roman architects electronic cigarette review are ” architectus t shirt design “,” Machinator “(engineer) and” redemptor “(entrepreneur).
Few Roman architects have left their names. The architects are no longer in the Roman world as ” fabricator “(manufacturer, technician) to serve clients, judges or powerful benefactors seeking to leave their names to posterity by building monuments necessary for approval of the Roman town 9 , 10 . We know Apollodorus of Damascus , the architect of Trajan which has awarded the construction of the forum, Robirius that of Domitian, who led the work of the palaces of the Palatine.
But the book of Vitruvius is a key witness of the Greek and Roman architecture.
Despite the problems caused by the invasions of the early v th century, we know that will be used until the Carolingian period. We can not say that the architect of the Palatine Chapel of Aix-la-Chapelle, Odo of Metz , knew the work of 100 day loans Vitruvius, but it was probably the case of those who watched the work, as Einhard . Indeed it cites Vitruvius in a letter dating from 840 . Were found manuscripts of Vitruvius in the libraries of abbeys of Reichenau , of Murbach of St. Gallen . A manuscript of the ix th century is the Humanist Library of Sélestat. It has the distinction of containing drawings of capitals which some historians have brought the style capitals made ​​the monumental gate of the Abbey of Lorsch and attributed to Einhard 11 . Carolingian and Romanesque periods remained about fifty copies the book of Vitruvius.
The x th century, after the attacks against the Carolingian Empire of the Vikings in the west and north to the south of the Saracens, Hungarians in the East, the resumption of construction around the Mil year will not forget the contribution of Roman antiquity. Thus the construction of the Saint-Michel abbey in Hildesheim commissioned by Bishop Bernwald and built under the direction of the prior Gonderamnus between 1010 and 1033 . Some historians have made ​​the bishop Bernwald the architectus sapiens , designer of the entire building, and the prior Gonderamnus, the architectus cementarius , directing the construction of the abbey. This denver auto accident lawyer proposal was made ​​following the discovery of a Carolingian copy of De Architectura (manuscript Harleianus 2767) the British Museum in London on the last page signed by Gonderamnus. It is also found in the treasury of the Cathedral of Hildesheim the Liber mathematical Bernwald of the bishop, which is a copy of De institutione Arithmetica of Boethius . Presumably this book was consulted by Gonderamnus where would the disposal of the longitudinal axis of the church following the series of the tetrahedron developed from triangular numbers.
The work of Vitruvius is studied throughout the Middle Ages. He wanted to show that architecture was a true ” liberal art “. This he justifies in the following paragraph in the first chapter of Book 1:
In Architecture as in any other science, we see two things: that which is signified and that which means: the thing signified is the one being treated, and that meaning is the demonstration that it is given by reasoning support of science. Therefore it is necessary that the architect knows the one and the other perfectly. So he must be ingenious and laborious it all together, for the mind without work, or work without the mind, does not perfect any worker. He must know how to write and draw, be instructed in geometry, and not be ignorant of optics, he learned arithmetic, and know a lot of history, having studied philosophy, having knowledge of music and auctions online a smattering of medicine, jurisprudence Plastic Storage Bins and astrology .
Found in the library of Valenciennes, a short compilation of the ix th century quotes from the book of Vitruvius. Thus we see Vincent of Beauvais quoted extensively in the encyclopedia Speculum maius using essentially the theoretical part of the hydrology of De Architectura , which is used in the Speculum naturale . This census will encyclopedic knowledge is found in several authors throughout the Middle Ages, starting with Isidore of Seville , which deals with architecture in Book 19 of Etymologiae but he also gives a religious connotation to the word:
Architect caementarii sunt in which disponunt fundamentis. Vnde and Apostolus of semetipso: Quasi sapiens inquit, architectus fundamentum posui . “Architects are the builders who have foundations. Hence the Apostle’s words about himself: I asked the foundation as a learned architect” 12 .
The modern rediscovery of the manuscript by Poggio and Brocriolini Censio Rustici date of 1416 . The first printed edition illustrated is made ​​in Venice in 1511 by Fra Giovanni Giocondo . There were at least three previous editions of “De Architectura libri decem” not shown in the xv th century. The 1511 edition contains misinterpretations that appear to show a misunderstanding of ancient architecture. These defects were corrected in the edition made ​​in Milan in 1521 by Cesare Cesariano .
Project management and project management in the Middle Ages
Main article: List of architects of the Middle Ages .
Owner
The owner is the person (or entity) for which a structure must be built.
He who defines the “program” of the book outlines the necessary data and requirements for the design and execution of the work.
It must therefore ensure that:
that the design and construction of the works are made by staff with qualifications and experience,
and once agreement on the definition of the project being bid is found and is financed:
there is a control and monitoring of various processes of production, both during the studies necessary for the design and implementation, as during the manufacturing factory and the work on site (quality and quantity of materials , building products, manufacturing standards and enforcement
the structure is subject to proper maintenance,
to implement procedures to ensure staff safety.
The current definition of the client command to experts is not new. For example, when the fabric of the cathedral of Milan is worried about resistance from some parts of works, she uses German or French master masons. Historically, the owner went to get the technical expertise and artistic where he knew she was.
The Middle Ages is a long time. engagement ring From 476 to 1453, if we take the traditional boundaries, nearly a thousand years, Europe is about to break a period of disappearance of the Western Roman Empire in a period of expansion the scientific, technical and commercial. The disappearance of the structures which ensured the stability of the Roman Empire led to a decrease in the diffusion of technical and scientific knowledge. The wealth that allowed trade to create a drastically reduced. The imperial power is split into multiple estates despite attempts to ensure the continuity of the state by the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties. It is from the end of the x th century that began to redevelop the organizations that will ensure the progressive enrichment of Europe.
On this denver martial arts basis has weakened due to replace the art of construction.
As noted by Vitruvius in the first chapter of ppi claim De Architectura , the art of building requires knowledge of scientific and technical knowledge. In Wire Cart Covers the Middle Ages, scientific knowledge focused near the centers of religious powers. In v e and vi th centuries, the bishops are often members of the old senatorial families who received a good education. Cathedrals, monasteries will play the role of academy of ancient knowledge.
As a result, until x th century, the client appears to have free ipad provided the theoretical role of the architect. The practical part is filled by skilled workers. The architects, who are still designated as the master masons, begin to be quoted at xiii th century . Of all ” client – contractor, architect-worker “it appears in the texts to xiii th century ” client – workers . ” We note that the term ” architectus “is often given to the client in the first period.
With the construction of the great Gothic cathedrals that is set up the division of labor between owners, architects and workers, themselves divided between the various trades and guilds.
The construction of the Cathedral of Our Lady of Strasbourg clearly shows that skills development and distribution of tasks Jewish Wedding Gifts between the various stakeholders of the project during its implementation.
The cathedrals of the Middle Ages were the equivalent of the major current projects. auto insurance quote They were the challenges that the owners have embarked and their architects, masons and laborers were able to overcome. The solutions have helped to advance the technical knowledge. However, it was not until the xvii th century that is beginning to develop a scientific approach to the material strength and static with the work of Galileo .
To sponsor a book, the first difficulty of the undertaking is to provide funding in an era that knew nothing of the borrowing and lending at interest, which had no budget and with entries of money are not insured. After subsidies and donations accumulated from the company, he had to try to guarantee the permanence of these entries:
regular resources obtained from the ecclesiastical revenues. Pope Gelasius I was asked to book a quarter to build churches. But it was never respected,
donations of the faithful. To attract the faithful, the Church grants indulgences for those who give money.
the relics of the church and to make expositions at which alms Chicago Criminal Attorney were made important.
religious brotherhoods committed to contribute to the cost of the work.
extraordinary sources of income with the consent of the pope: the recipe for vacant benefices is paid to the factory, the fees paid by new canons, fines, …
Despite the best efforts of the auto transport sponsors, these financial resources were generally irregular and random resulting in a slow and uneven progress of projects with multiple changes under construction.
Project manager – Architect
Until the xii th century
Until the xii th century architect project manager of a work is rarely cited. This does not mean that no one person responsible for directing the work, but the texts do not give their names but with very few exceptions, such as at Saint-Hilaire-le-Grand in Poitiers . Only the names of sponsors, bishops, abbots, kings or princes, are cited. For the historian Spiro Kostof, this is due to loss of recognition of its special status. For Raymond Oursel is evidence of “deliberate indifference party” face to his work 13 . One can also note that the stories of the buildings are written by scholars on the lives of the bishops, abbots and princes, more interested in their honor to mention those they employed.
It Gauzlin , Abbot of Fleury (St. Benoit-sur-Loire), who decides to build a stone tower, which now serves as a porch at the abbey, by bringing stones Nivernais.
It Abbot Suger who is undertaking the reconstruction of the abbey church of Saint-Denis, asking to enter the maximum amount of light in the choir of the church and gives instructions for its construction.
If the sponsors are important in the decision to undertake the construction of a book, you can not imagine that this was possible without mastering their craft masons. Are emerging importance in a text written around 1200 by the English monk Gervais describing the rebuilding of the choir of Canterbury Cathedral by William of Sens from 1174 . This is the first medieval text describing the work of the masons 14 :
” He promised to procure stones across the seas. He built equipment for loading and unloading ships, and to transport cement and stones. It provides the bosses to cut the stone to his people who were gathered, and without wasting time, preparation of other similar pieces . ”
It is on sites that masons learn their trade in the boxes and quarries for stone cutting.
Villard and architectural drawing
Architector
The word appears in French in a text of Christine de Pisan speaking of King Charles V in the “Book of the good do die and the Sage King Charles V” wise artist who fust and demostration architecteur true and certain and prudent deviseur ordeneur when beautiful fist foundations do many places, notable buildings and noble beaulx so many churches that chasteaulxet Australian Basti Paris and elsewhere . ”
Charles V was chosen as architect Raymond du Temple , which is first mentioned as a bricklayer before becoming in 1364 his ” master of masonry in the Provost of Paris . “It appears in the accounts under the title of King mason or master mason of the king or master of our works of masonry . In an act of September 18, 1388 the Parliament of Paris it is the title of ” master mason of the king euvre for all his kingdom . ”
King Charles V, the owner, is architecteur, while the expert, the project manager, Raymond du Temple, who built the buildings of the king is the master mason of King’s works.
The architectural profession

Directive No. 85/384 of the Council of European Communities of 19 June 1985 requires all Member States of the European Community obligations for the mutual recognition of diplomas, certificates and other qualifications in architecture and the effective exercise of the right of establishment.
In the context of European harmonization of higher education, education was also reformed. Indeed, in order to promote better cooperation between higher education institutions in different European countries, harmonization of qualifications was necessary. On June 19, 1999, representatives from 29 European countries reached an agreement and signed the Bologna Declaration, which goes in this direction. This alignment is based on a system of easily comparable from one country to another, allowing greater visibility of courses offered and an increased mobility of students. For this system in place is based on three levels of diplomas: Licence (Bac + 3), Master (bac + 5), doctorate (bac + 8). The name of this new system is LIMADO and is also known as 3/5/8. Each year is divided into two semesters during which students will gain credits, ECTS (European Transfer System), whose addition will give them access to a high 15 .
In France, the architectural profession has historically been established as a profession . However, some architects are public servants , such as architects of the buildings Cell Phone Accessories in France , architects voyers or contractors of the administration, such as consulting architects of the Ministry of Equipment and Housing and exercise their functions in the central governments or departmental directorates of the equipment, others are employees of associations, such as architects, consultants “advice of Architecture, Planning and Environment” ( CAUE ) who do not exercise control of missions the work, but advice. They are intended to carry out tasks: the implementation of a policy of cities, neighborhoods and housing, improving the quality of architecture and urban promotion, dissemination of knowledge – how and the Innovation 16 . etc. Others act as court expert architects or expert architect insurance .
He was asked France as in other Member States to implement its territory Directive No. 85/384 of the Council of European Communities wow gold of 19 June 1985 by the adoption of provisions amending wedding ring the law in the sense of an opening to the nationals and diplomas from these other states. In addition, EU nationals who have acquired a title outside of the European Union and recognized by it, may, under certain conditions, practice as an architect in France in accordance with Directive 2001/19/EC of 14 May 2001 on the recognition of diplomas and professional qualifications.
Belgium [ change ]
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Switzerland [ change ]
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In Canada [ change ]
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The conditions for using an architect in France

In France, the law of January 3, 1977 in Architecture 17 reserves the port as an architect only to members of the profession . It set the conditions for intervention by architects.
Article 3. Anyone wishing to undertake work subject to an authorization to construct must use an architect to develop the architectural project for which the Relevant Life Policy request for building suspension lift kits permit, without prejudice to recourse to other persons participating either individually or in team in the design. This requirement does not preclude an architect for larger missions.
The architectural project mentioned above defines plans and written documents, the location of buildings, their composition, organization and expression of their volume and the choice of materials and colors. Even if the architect does not direct the hcg work, the client must be able to under Bankruptcy conditions set by the contract, to ensure that the construction documents and works in progress meet the provisions of the architectural project developed by it. If these provisions are not met, the architect shall notify the client.
Section 4 amended by Act No. 2005-157 casino of 23 February 2005 art. 30 ( OJ of 24). Notwithstanding section 3 above, are not required to use an architect or an individual farm limited liability sole proprietor who say they want to build or modify, for themselves, construction of minor importance which characteristics, including maximum floor area, are determined by decree in Council of State 18 . These characteristics may be different depending on the destination building.
The use of the architect is not required for the work subject to building permit or authorization, which concern only the layout and equipment of the interior spaces of buildings and storefronts that are limited or at times do not result in visible changes from the outside.
Article 5. The model building types and their variants, industrialized or not, may need repeated use, before release, be prepared by an architect as provided in section 3 above, and this, regardless of the master of work that uses them.
The different types of missions of the architect

Decree No. 93-1268 of 29 November 1993 on the tasks of project management entrusted with public clients to providers of private law define in detail the different types of missions of the architect
How works the architect?

The work of the architect performing a building is specified in the contract an architect who described his “mission”. This includes all or part of three successive phases:
the design phase or the sketch, including the creation of general building: form, layout, construction principle. It results in drawings, models or computer models.
phase studies or (preliminary design, detailed design before after) which includes the calculations (foundations, affiliate marketing etc..) technical studies (from water pipes, provision of lifts, etc..) optimization energy consumption, durability, etc.. These studies are often conducted with the help of engineers in a specific area, the architect in this case playing the role of “conductor.” They translate into technical classifications (designated “descriptions”) plans and technical drawings are very accurate.
the direction of the performance or the development of record performance, the architect holding a tender to allow contractors to prepare estimates corresponding to the work as provided for in the descriptions and plans. The customer selects the companies and directors STD Test contracts with each chicago dui attorney of them. Finally, the architect will lead the project and coordinate the Denver Divorce Lawyer involvement of companies directors so that the building constructed to meet the expectations of the customer.
Variation: the architect builder . This makes the design and engineering as above. Against it by providing more overall responsibility ( turnkey contract ) the completion of the building being the sole contact the customer to whom it provides – it is responsible – the final price, the lead time meeting the needs . For the client it is ” General Contractor “that is to say design work + studies + 19 .
The legal status of architects

In France
In France, the title of architect is protected by the law of January 3, 1977, and anyone who wants to practice as an architect must be registered with the Architects, respect the Code of Ethics and pay an annual fee.
In Belgium [ change ]
In Belgium, the title of architect is protected by the Act of February 20, 1939, and anyone who wants to practice as an architect must be registered with the Architects, respect the Code of Ethics , pay an term life insurance quotes annual subscription and be scrabble word finder insured for civil liability.
In Canada [ change ]
In Canada, to practice and use the title architect, it must be recognized by a provincial Order. To do this, we must now be holding a Master of Architecture (M. Arch) provided by a school of architecture recognized and generally obtained in 6 to 8 years. In addition, to obtain the right to practice a probationary period with registered architects must be completed and additional tests administered by the provincial to be successful. The title of architect and jurisdiction are identified and protected at the provincial level. Each province has its own legislation to regulate the profession of architecture.
Quebec [ change ]
In Quebec , it is the Architects Act applies. This law of the architectural profession an exclusive profession. Only members of the Ordre des architectes du Québec have a right to use the title architect and prepare architectural plans and specifications for works and buildings [Which?] [Where?] [When? ] which are defined in hcg diet the Act.
The Architects Act and Professional Code is supplemented by the regulations of the Order, among which are the Code of Ethics that outlines the rules of conduct of the architect to the public, clients and the chiropractic marketing profession.
Training

In France
Architect 21 c. ( 1910 )
The training lasts 5 years. Since the reform of European LMD (Licence – Master – Doctorate), studies are done in two core cycles “License” (3 years) and “Master” (2 years), the student obtaining a degree in architecture from Bac 3 and a degree in architecture from Tray 5 worth Master degree San Diego Homes For Rent in architecture. This is the minimum in order to practice the profession of architecture as an employee weight loss pills and have the right to use the title. For those who are moving towards the exercise in its own name, it needs to be done one year HMONP (Habilitation in Project management in its own name) at the end of which, after presentation of a defense, he can s establish a legal form or liberal society. For those who want to move towards a more business-oriented knowledge, research and teaching, some ENSA (National School of Architecture) offers a doctoral cycle of 3 years, in direct association with some graduate schools PRES (regional hubs of higher education).
On the other hand, it is now possible to perform a double degree architectural engineering in 7-8 years through a partnership between several engineering schools and ENSA (Marne-la-Vallée/ENPC, Lyon, Toulouse, Strasbourg, Phen375 Reviews Paris- La Villette, Nantes, Marseille). [ref. required]
Main article: Studied architecture in France .
Quebec [ How to Unlock iPhone change ]
Three years of BACC (6 sessions)
A year and a half to the Professional Master (3 sessions)
A probationary period of 5600 hours (approximately 3 years). 1880 hours can be recorded prior to graduation.

Switzerland [ change ]
3 years by making a UAS (University of Applied Sciences).
6 years by performing ETH (ETH), 3 years for the Bachelor, 1 year internship and two years for the Master.